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簡介：護(hù)理專業(yè)英語翻譯護(hù)理專業(yè)英語翻譯有哪些你知道嗎下面是小編收集整理的護(hù)理專業(yè)英語翻譯希望對(duì)你們有用。護(hù)理專業(yè)英語翻譯如下關(guān)于診斷與預(yù)后TODIAGNOSE診斷TOMAKEADIAGNOSIS診斷BEDIAGNOSEDWITHCANCER被診斷患有癌癥PROGNOSIS預(yù)后關(guān)于不同之類的病房,查房EREMERGENCYROOM急診室OPERATIONROOM/THEATER手術(shù)室簡稱ORRECOVERYROOM恢復(fù)病房ICUINTENSIVECAREUNIT重癥監(jiān)護(hù)室OBSERVATIONROOM觀察室TOHAVEAWARDROUND查房SHIFTREPORT交班報(bào)告CHILDRENSWARD兒童病房PRIVATEWARD特等病房MALEWARD男性病房TEAMWORK團(tuán)隊(duì)工作ISOLATIONWARD隔離病房SURGICALWARD外科病房DRESSINGROOM換藥室關(guān)于心血管臟病CADI（O）表心臟之前綴VASCULAR脈管的CARDIOVASCULAR心血管的CHOLESTEROL膽固醇HEARTATTACK心臟病猝發(fā)TOHAVEASTROKE中風(fēng)A特定字母前表非之前綴HEARTRHYTHM心率ARRHYTHMIA心律不齊CARDIACANGINA心絞痛CORONARYHEARTDISEASES冠心病關(guān)于血管的疾病VARICOSEVEINS靜脈曲張SPIDER蜘蛛SPIDERVEINS皮下關(guān)于腦部損傷BRAINDAMAGE腦部損傷PERMANENTANDIRREVERSIBLE來自TOREVERSE逆轉(zhuǎn)，IR表否定之前綴永久性的不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的BEINAVEGETATIVESTATE處于植物人狀態(tài)BEINACOMMA處于昏迷狀態(tài)SUFFERASTROKE中風(fēng)關(guān)于計(jì)劃生育，避孕,不孕，不育與絕育BIRTHCONTROL計(jì)劃生育FAMILYPLANNING計(jì)劃生育CONTRA表抵御之前綴CONTRACEPTIVEDISABILITY殘疾BEHANDICAPPED殘廢的BECRIPPLED跛腳的BEDEAF聾的BEDUMB啞的BEBLIND失明的REHABILITATION康復(fù)（簡稱REHAB,REHABMEDICINE康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)）REHABCENTER康復(fù)中心TOAMPUTATEVTIONN截肢PROSTHESIS假肢BEPARALYZED癱瘓（PARA表示側(cè),旁,與并行,近旁之前綴，PARALLEL平行的）關(guān)于骨骼,關(guān)節(jié)疾病OSTEO表骨骼之字根CALCIUM鈣（構(gòu)成骨骼的要素）OSTEOPOROSIS骨質(zhì)疏松ARTHRITIS關(guān)節(jié)炎OSTEOARTHRITIS骨性關(guān)節(jié)炎（POROSIS表疏松之字根）RHEUMATOIDARTHRITIS風(fēng)濕性關(guān)節(jié)炎（RHEUMATISM風(fēng)濕病）BONEFRACTURE骨折TOHAVEBROKENRIBS肋骨骨折TOHAVEANXRAY照X光BONEDENSITY骨密度LOCATION位置DISLOCATION錯(cuò)位，脫臼SHOULDER/JOINTDISLOCATION肩膀/關(guān)節(jié)錯(cuò)位AFRACTUREDWRIST手腕骨折BEINACAST上石膏關(guān)于體溫測量THERMOMETER體溫計(jì)TOPUTTHETHERMOMETERUNDERTHEARMPIT/TONGUE將體溫計(jì)放在腋下/舌下ANALTEMPERATURE肛溫（ANUS肛門）READING讀數(shù)CELSIUS/CENTIGRADE攝氏FAHRENHEIT華氏溫度DIGITALTHERMOMETER電子體溫計(jì)MERCURYTHERMOMETER水銀體溫計(jì)THERM表熱之前綴THERMAL熱的THERMOMETERMETER儀表關(guān)于濫用毒品，麻醉品，酗酒LEGAL合法的IL表非之前綴ILLEGAL非法的TOABUSE濫用DRUGABUSE藥物濫用（吸毒）DRUGABUSER癮君子NARCOTICS麻醉藥物MORPHINE嗎啡HEROIN海洛因安非他命AMPHETAMINE搖頭丸ALCOHOL強(qiáng)行戒毒FORCEDDRUGTREATMENT酒精ALCOHOLISM酒精中毒酗酒DRUNK/INTOXICATEDDRIVING醉駕BEFINED被罰款CRIMINALOFFENCE刑事犯罪關(guān)于吸煙危害，戒煙TOBACCO煙草CHAINSMOKER一根接一根抽煙的人一包煙APACKOFCIGARETTESCIGAR雪茄PIPE煙斗FILTERTIP過濾咀TAR焦油NICOTINE尼古丁NICOTINEADDICTION尼古丁成癮BEADDICTIVE有成癮性的BEADDICTEDTOSMOKING吸煙成癮ADDITIVEHABIT成癮性習(xí)慣SECONDHANDSMOKE二手煙TOCAUSEDISEASESOFTHEREPARATORYSYSTEM引起呼吸道疾病TOBANSMOKING禁煙WORLDNOSMOKINGDAY世界無煙日TOQUIT/GIVEUPSMOKING戒煙WITHDRAWALSYMPTOMS戒斷癥狀TOCAUSEPREMATUREDEATH引起過早死亡（PRE表前，預(yù)先之前綴，MATURE成熟）有關(guān)免疫接種

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簡介：TPGAC7127REVA161THORNHILLROADWARRENDALE,PA150867527AUDITCRITERIAISSUED201210REVISED201404SUPERSEDINGTPGAC7127AUDITCRITERIAFORCASTINGSSUPPLIERSACCREDITATIONPROGRAM鑄件供應(yīng)商資格鑒定程序?qū)徍藰?biāo)準(zhǔn)1SCOPE適用范圍適用范圍THESEAUDITCRITERIAAREINTENDEDFORUSETOSURVEYAFACILITYSEEKINGACCREDITATIONBYPRITPGFORCASTINGPROCESSESTHEPURPOSEOFTHESEAUDITCRITERIAISTOPROVIDEAMEANSTOVERIFYANDDOCUMENTTHATSYSTEMSAREINPLACETOCONTROLPROCESSES,ANDTHATTHEPROCESSPROCEDURESAREBEINGFOLLOWED此審核標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為PRITPG審查鑄件供應(yīng)商鑄造工藝、設(shè)施的依據(jù)，其目的為核實(shí)并且用文件規(guī)定其工藝過程能夠得到系統(tǒng)性的控制，并且保證其工藝程序得到有效的執(zhí)行。2GENERALINFORMATION總述總述INCOMPLETINGTHISASSESSMENT,AUDITORSAREINSTRUCTEDTORESPONDWITHA“YES”O(jiān)R“NO”TOADDRESSCOMPLIANCEWITHEACHSTATEMENTOFREQUIREMENTFORANYNEGATIVERESPONSES,THEAUDITORMUSTCLEARLYINDICATEIFTHE“NO”REFLECTSNONCOMPLIANCEWITHRESPECTTOEXISTENCE,ADEQUACY,AND/ORCOMPLIANCEEXISTENCERELATESTOEVIDENCEOFADOCUMENTEDPROCEDUREORPOLICY,ADEQUACYRELATESTOTHECOMPLETENESSOFTHEPROCEDUREORPOLICY,ANDCOMPLIANCERELATESTOEVIDENCEOFEFFECTIVEIMPLENTATION為了完成此次評(píng)估，審核員必須用“YES”或者“NO”來答復(fù)每一個(gè)清單的符合情況。對(duì)于負(fù)面回復(fù)，審核員需要明確指出與不符合相關(guān)的存在性、充分性和服從性。存在性涉及到文件化程序的證據(jù)，充分性涉及到文件化程序的完整與否，服從性涉及到有效執(zhí)行的證據(jù)。ALLNEGATIVERESPONSESREQUIREANONCONFORMANCEREPORTNCROREXPLANATION針對(duì)所有的負(fù)面回復(fù)，需要提供不符合報(bào)告（NCR）。ALL“NOTAPPLICABLE”NARESPONSESMUSTBEEXPLAINED所有的“不適用”回復(fù)都需要進(jìn)行解釋。THEAUDITRESULTSSHOULDNOTINCLUDEANYCUSTOMERPROPRIETARYORINTERNATIONALTRAFFICINARMSREGULATION/EXPORTADMINISTRATIONREGULATIONSITAR/EARINFORMATION21INSTRUCTIONSTOSUPPLIERTOBEAUDITED供應(yīng)商審核指導(dǎo)說明211PRIORTOTHEINITIALAND/ORREACCREDITATIONTPGAUDIT初審或者復(fù)審之前2111THESUPPLIERSHALLCOMPLETEASELFAUDITTOTPGAC7127審核員需要根據(jù)TPGAC7127完成自審ALLNONCONFORMANCESSHALLBECORRECTEDBYTHECORRECTIVEACTIONSYSTEM,PRIORTOTHEACTUALAUDITTHISSELFAUDITSHALLBEMAINTAINEDBYTHESUPPLIERFORREVIEWBYTHEAUDITOR在實(shí)際審核前，所有的不順從項(xiàng)都需要通過有效的糾正措施進(jìn)行糾正。供應(yīng)商應(yīng)保存自審結(jié)果以備審核員審查。DURINGTHESELFAUDITTHESUPPLIERSHALLRECORDEACHPROCEDURE,PARAGRAPHANDPAGENUMBERFOREACHCHECKLISTQUESTIONREQUIRINGANANSWERONPROCEDURES自審過程中，供應(yīng)商應(yīng)記錄每一個(gè)步驟，并記錄檢查清單所列問題的答案，在規(guī)范文件中的段落和頁碼。PRIOPERATINGPROCEDURESPROVIDETHAT“THISREPORTISPUBLISHEDBYPRITOADVANCETHESTATEOFTECHNICAL,ENGINEERING,ANDQUALITYSCIENCESTHEUSEOFTHISREPORTISENTIRELYVOLUNTARY,ANDITSAPPLICABILITYANDSUITABILITYFORANYPARTICULARUSE,INCLUDINGANYPATENTINFRINGEMENTARISINGTHEREFROM,ISTHESOLERESPONSIBILITYOFTHEUSER“PRIVALUESYOURINPUTTOPROVIDEFEEDBACKONTHISDOCUMENT,PLEASECONTACTTHEAPPROPRIATECOMMODITYSTAFFENGINEERCONTACTINFORMATIONISLOCATEDATHTTP//TPGEAUDITNETCOMUNDER“CONTACTUS”COPYRIGHT2012PERFORMANCEREVIEWINSTITUTEALLRIGHTSRESERVED15OCT12PRITPGAC7127REVISIONA3AMINIMUMOFTWOJOBAUDITSAREREQUIREDHOWEVER,THENUMBEROFJOBAUDITSDEPENDSONTHESCOPEOFTHEAUDITSUFFICIENTAUDITINGOFTHEPROCESSESANDMATERIALSCASTMUSTBECONDUCTEDSOASTOSATISFACTORILYANSWERALLQUESTIONSIFMULTIPLESHIFTSAREUSED,PARTOFTHEAUDITSHALLOCCURONEACHSHIFTIFMELTINGANDCASTINGOCCURSONLYATNIGHT,ATLEAST4CONTINUOUSHOURSOFAUDITINGSHALLOCCURONTHENIGHTSHIFT至少進(jìn)行兩個(gè)審計(jì)任務(wù)。然而，審計(jì)任務(wù)的數(shù)量根據(jù)審核的范圍。必須保證進(jìn)行足夠的過程和材料鑄件審計(jì)，以保證能夠充分的回答所有的問題。如果實(shí)行多班制，每個(gè)班都要進(jìn)行部分的審核。如果熔煉和澆注在晚上進(jìn)行，至少要在夜班進(jìn)行連續(xù)4小時(shí)的審核。3ADVANCEDPRODUCTQUALITYPLANNINGAPQP產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量先期策劃產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量先期策劃31ISTHEREAMETHODTOREVIEWTHEFOLLOWINGKEYINFORMATIONPRIORTOBUILDINGTOOLING造型前，是否有方法評(píng)估以下的關(guān)鍵信息311DRAWINGREVLEVELYESNO圖紙版本修正等級(jí)312MATERIALGRADEYESNO材料級(jí)別313RELEVANTSPECIFICATIONSLISTEDONPURCHASEORDERAND/ORDRAWINGYESNO采購訂單和圖紙上的相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)范314SPECIALREQUIREMENTSAND/ORANYDEVIATION/CONCESSIONYESNO特殊要求及任何的偏差/讓步315GAUGINGREQUIREMENTSYESNO量規(guī)要求316FINISHINGREQUIREMENTSYESNO成品要求317NEWCOMPONENTINTRODUCTIONPRODUCTIONPARTAPPROVALPROCESSNCI/PPAPREQUIREMENTSYESNO是否有新產(chǎn)品的開發(fā)程序和新產(chǎn)品的批準(zhǔn)程序32ISTHEREADOCUMENTEDPROCEDURETOBESUREALLPHASESOFTHENCI/PPAPSUBMISSIONARECOMPLETEDYESNO是否有文件記錄來確保NCI/PPAP所有階段的提交文件都是完整的33AREQAPERSONNELTRAINEDINNCI/PPAPREQUIREMENTSYESNO質(zhì)量保證人員（QA）是否進(jìn)行過NCI/PPAP要求的培訓(xùn)34ISTHEREADETAILEDFAILUREMODEEFFECTANALYSISFMEACONTROLPLAN/PROCESSYESNO是否有詳細(xì)的失效模式效應(yīng)分析（FMEA）控制計(jì)劃/方法35ISTHEGATINGLAYOUTCALCULATEDANDPLOTTEDYESNO是否對(duì)澆注系統(tǒng)的布局進(jìn)行計(jì)算和繪制36HASSOLIDIFICATIONMODELINGBEENCOMPLETEDUSINGCASTINGSIMULATIONSOFTWAREYESNO是否使用鑄造模擬軟件完成凝固模擬IF“YES”,WHATSIMULATIONSOFTWAREWASUSED如果是，使用的是什么模擬軟件4INCOMINGINSPECTION–RAWMATERIAL原材料檢驗(yàn)原材料檢驗(yàn)41ISAPROCEDUREINPLACEREGARDINGTESTINGOFINCOMINGRAWMATERIALYESNO是否有適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)于原材料的進(jìn)料檢驗(yàn)程序42ISSCRAPSTEELINSPECTEDPRIORTOACCEPTINGTHESHIPMENTORINTERNALINSPECTION,WITHREGARDTOTHEFOLLOWING在裝貨前或內(nèi)部檢查前，廢鋼否收進(jìn)行過以下相關(guān)項(xiàng)目的檢驗(yàn)421VISUAL外觀檢驗(yàn)YESNO422CHEMISTRY化學(xué)成分YESNO

簡介：壓瘡的預(yù)防與治療快速參考指南GUIDEMEDLIVECN1介紹介紹前言前言本快速參考指南概述了有關(guān)壓瘡預(yù)防與治療的支持性證據(jù)的推薦意見和摘要。本規(guī)范有一個(gè)更為全面的版本，即臨床實(shí)踐指南，對(duì)現(xiàn)有研究進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析探討，對(duì)本領(lǐng)域的各種假設(shè)與知識(shí)作出嚴(yán)格的評(píng)估，并對(duì)用來制定本指南的各種方法加以闡述。本快速參考指南供臨床工作中照顧患者并需要快速參考時(shí)的繁忙專業(yè)人員使用。使用者不得僅使用者不得僅依靠快速參考指南的摘要處理問題。依靠快速參考指南的摘要處理問題。本指南的第一版是由美國壓瘡咨詢委員會(huì)NPUAP和歐洲壓瘡咨詢委員會(huì)EPUAP經(jīng)過為期4年的合作而制定的。本文為指南的第二版，泛太平洋壓力損傷聯(lián)盟PPPIA已加入了NPUAP和EPUAP。此次國際合作，目的是制定壓瘡預(yù)防與治療的循證推薦意見，可供全球醫(yī)療從業(yè)者使用。本文使用明晰的科學(xué)方法，對(duì)全部的現(xiàn)有研究做出鑒定，并予以嚴(yán)格評(píng)估。若無明確證據(jù)，則使用專家意見做出推薦意見（專家意見通常有間接證據(jù)和其他指南作為支持）。將推薦意見草案和支持性證據(jù)提供給全球986位受邀的相關(guān)人士（個(gè)人及組織）。根據(jù)現(xiàn)有研究和NPUAP、EPUAP、PPPIA及全球?qū)＜业闹腔劢Y(jié)晶，制定了指南的最終版。在當(dāng)前版本的指南中，每一條推薦意見的效力使用了共識(shí)投票程序（GRADE）來決定。推薦意見的效力通過衡量能夠潛在改善患者轉(zhuǎn)歸的推薦意見的重要性來確定。它可向醫(yī)療從業(yè)者指明某推薦意見有多大把握利大于弊，有多大把握用來決定壓瘡防治手段的優(yōu)先度。下列網(wǎng)站提供臨床實(shí)踐指南的印刷版NPUAP網(wǎng)站W(wǎng)WWNPUAPORGEPUAP網(wǎng)站W(wǎng)WWEPUAPORG澳大利亞傷口管理聯(lián)合會(huì)（AWMA）網(wǎng)站W(wǎng)WWAWMACOMAU香港ET治療師協(xié)會(huì)網(wǎng)站W(wǎng)WWETNURSECOMHK新西蘭傷口護(hù)理協(xié)會(huì)（NZWCS）網(wǎng)站W(wǎng)WWNZWCSORGNZ新加坡傷口愈合協(xié)會(huì)網(wǎng)站W(wǎng)WWWOUNDHEALINGSOCIETYORGSG國際壓瘡指南網(wǎng)站W(wǎng)WWINTERNATIONALGUIDELINECOM推薦引用推薦引用NPUAP，EUPAP和PPPIA歡迎在國際、國內(nèi)、當(dāng)?shù)氐雀鱾€(gè)層面上使用或改編后使用本指南。我們建議使用如下表述將本指南作為源文件引用美國壓瘡咨詢委員會(huì)，歐洲壓瘡咨詢委員會(huì)和泛太平洋壓力損傷聯(lián)盟。壓瘡的預(yù)防與治療快速參考指南（ED）。劍橋媒體OSBORNEPARK,WESTERNAUSTRALIA2014NATIONALPRESSUREULCERADVISORYPANEL,EUROPEANPRESSUREULCERADVISORYPANELANDPANPACIFICPRESSUREINJURYALLIANCEPREVENTIONANDTREATMENTOFPRESSUREULCERSQUICKREFERENCEGUIDEEMILYHAESLEREDCAMBRIDGEMEDIAOSBORNEPARK,WESTERNAUSTRALIA2014GUIDEMEDLIVECN

簡介：TBMTUNNELLINGINDIFFICULTGROUNDCONDITIONGIOVANNIBARLAANDSEBASTIANOPELIZZAABSTRACTTHISPAPERISTODISCUSSTBMTUNNELINGINDIFFICULTGROUNDCONDITIONS,WHENPROBLEMSAREMETWHICHMAYREDUCEDRAMATICALLYTHEAVERAGEPROGRESSRATESANDPRACTICALCONSEQUENCESMAYBESUCHASTOPOSESERIOUSQUESTIONSONTHEUSEOFMECHANIZEDTBMTUNNELLINGVERSUSDRILLBLASTANDOTHERSOCALLEDTRADITIONALEXCAVATIONMETHODSFOLLOWINGAFEWREMARKSONROCKTBMTUNNELLINGINRELATIONTOTHESELECTIONANDDIMENSIONINGOFTHEMACHINE,THEATTENTIONISPOSEDONTHELIMITINGGEOLOGICALCONDITIONSWHICHMAYBEENVISAGEDWITHRESPECTTOTHEUSEOFTBMTUNNELLINGANDONTHEIMPORTANCEOFGEOLOGICALANDGEOTECHNICALINVESTIGATIONS,INORDERTODERIVEANAPPROPRIATEUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEROCKMASSCONDITIONSALONGTHELINEOFTHETUNNELTHEDISCUSSIONISCENTEREDUPONTHERELATIVELYMOREIMPORTANTORDIFFICULTGROUNDCONDITIONSINCLUDINGBORABILITYLIMITS,INSTABILITYOFEXCAVATIONWALLS,INSTABILITYOFEXCAVATIONFACE,FAULTZONESANDSQUEEZINGWHENEVERAVAILABLETOTHEAUTHORSANDBASEDONPROJECTEXPERIENCE,THEPOINTOFVIEWISILLUSTRATEDBYCASEEXAMPLES,WHICHGIVETHEOPPORTUNITYTOUNDERLINESPECIFICDIFFICULTIESENCOUNTEREDANDRECOMMENDATIONSINTRODUCTIONTBMEXCAVATIONREPRESENTABIGINVESTMENTINANUNFLEXIBLEBUTPOTENTIALLYVERYFASTMETHODOFEXCAVATINGANDSUPPORTINGAROCKTUNNELBARTON,1996WHENUNFAVORABLECONDITIONSAREENCOUNTEREDWITHOUTWARNING,TIMESCHEDULEANDPRACTICALCONSEQUENCESAREOFTENFARGREATERINATBMDRIVENTUNNELTHANINADRILLANDBLASTTUNNELTHEUNFAVORABLECONDITIONSCANBEPRODUCEDBYEITHERAROCKMASSOFVERYPOORQUALITYCAUSINGINSTABILITYOFTHETUNNELORAROCKMASSOFVERYQUALITYIESTRONGANDMASSIVEROCKMASSDETERMININGVERYLOWPENETRATIONRATESHOWEVER,ITISTOBEOBSERVEDTHATWHENUSINGTHEFULLFACEMECHANIZEDEXCAVATIONMETHOD,THEINFLUENCEOFTHEROCKMASSQUALITYONTHEMACHINEPERFORMANCEHASNOTANABSOLUTEVALUETHEINFLUENCEISINFACTTOBEREFERREDTOBOTHTHETBMTYPEUSEDANDTHETUNNELDIAMETERRIGHTFROMTHEBEGINNINGOFITSEARLIESTAPPLICATIONS,THEUSEOFFULLFACEMECHANIZEDEXCAVATIONWASTOOVERCOMETHELIMITSIMPOSEDBYLOCALGEOLOGY,THETHAT,ALTHOUGHTBM’SOFMORETHAN10MINEXCAVATIONDIAMETERHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTED,ITISALWAYSADVISABLETOTRYTOLIMITTHEMAXIMUMSIZEOFTHETUNNELANDTHEREFORETHATOFTHETBMASEASILYPERCEIVED,THEREASONSFORLIMITINGTHETUNNELDIAMETERARE?THEPOTENTIALOFATBMINHARDROCKDECREASESWITHININCREASINGDIAMETERKOVARIETAL,1993BRULAND1998?THEREARETECHNOLOGICALLIMITSFORTHEMAXIMUMDIMENSIONSOFSOMEMAJORTBMCOMPONENTS,FOREXAMPLE,THEBEARINGANDTHEHEAD?THEINTENSITIESOFBOTHTHEINSTABILITYPHENOMENAANDTHEINDUCEDCONVERGENCEALSOINCREASEWITHINCREASINGDIAMETEROFTHEEXCAVATIONTSENGETAL,1998BARLAGANDBARLAM,1998THEREALREADYEXISTSAPOSITIVEANDCONSOLIDATEDEXPERIENCEINTHEUSEOFTBM’SINROCKSOFDIFFERENTQUALITIESANDSTRENGTHSFOREXCAVATIONDIAMETERSUPTO12125MBEYOND13514MEXCAVATIONDIAMETER,THEPRESENTTECHNOLOGYISPROBABLYNOTUPTOTHELEVELOFGUARANTEEINGAGOODPERFORMANCEOFTBM’SINHARDROOKDESIGNERSSHOULDTAKEINTOACCOUNTTHESELIMITSDURINGTHETUNNELDESIGNPHASE,MAKINGUSEWHENEVERPOSSIBLEOFTHEADVANTAGESOFFEREDBYTHEREDUCEDSECTIONSOFTHETUNNELOREVENBYCONSIDERINGTHEPOSSIBILITYOFHAVINGOTHERTUNNELRUNNINGINPARALLELTHISISPARTICULARLYTRUEFORMOTORWAYTUNNELWHERE,INSOMECASES,ITISPREFERABLETOMAKETRIPETUNNELSEACHWITHTWOLANESFORTHETRAFFICFLOWRATHENTHANTWINTUNNELSEACHWITHTHREELANESINTHECASEOFRAILWAYTUNNELS,ITISBETTERTOHAVETWORELATIVELYSMALL,SINGLETRACKTUNNELS,RATHERTHANALARGE,DOUBLETRACKTUNNELAGREATHELPINTHEUSEOFTBM’SCOULDPOSSIBLYBEACHIEVEDTHROUGHTHESTANDARDIZATIONOFTHESECTIONTYPESFORROAD,MOTORWAY,ANDRAILWAYTUNNELSTHECOULDFAVOURTHEREUSEOFHOMOGENEOUSCONSTRUCTIONWORKS,INADDITIONTOGAININGCONSIDERABLEADVANTAGESINCONSTRUCTIONTIMESANDCOSTSASWELLKNOWN,THEVALUEOFTHETBM,INTERMSOFDIRECTPROJECTCOSTS,ISREKATIVELYINSIGNIFICANTFAILURETOACHIEVETHEDESIREDRESULTSANDMAINTAINTHETIMESCHEDULE,HOWEVER,SIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTSTHEPROJECTFROMTHEOUTSETITISTHEREFOREIMPORTANTTOADOPTTHEAPPROACHOFUTILIZINGTHEBESTPOSSIBLEEQUIPMENT,ASFARASALLTHEASPECTSPERTAININGTOTHE

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文文獻(xiàn)、資料題目ADJUSTMENTOFTHEGENERALACCESSTOINTERNETCONNECTIONINWINDOWSXP文獻(xiàn)、資料來源文獻(xiàn)、資料發(fā)表（出版）日期2004525院（部）計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)與技術(shù)學(xué)院專業(yè)班級(jí)姓名學(xué)號(hào)指導(dǎo)教師翻譯日期山東建筑大學(xué)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（或畢業(yè)論文，二選一）外文文獻(xiàn)及譯文2PUSHTHEBUTTONYESCONNECTIONTOTHEINTERNETWILLBEACCESSIBLETOOTHERCOMPUTERSOFALOCALNETWORKFORANETWORKBOARDOFALOCALNETWORKTHESTATICIPADDRESS19216801ANDAMASKOFASUBNET2552552550ISINSTALLEDONTHECLIENTCOMPUTERFORCONNECTIONTOTHEINTERNETTHROUGHTHEGENERALCONNECTION,ITISNECESSARYTOCHECKUPADJUSTMENTSIPFORANETWORKBOARDOFALOCALNETWORKANDTHENTOADJUSTTHECLIENTCOMPUTERFORCHECKOFADJUSTMENTSIPFORANETWORKBOARDOFALOCALNETWORK,FULFILLSPECIFIEDBELOWACTION1ENTERONTHECLIENTCOMPUTERWITHTHESECURITYACCOUNTOFTHEMANAGERORTHEOWNER2PUSHTHEBUTTONSTARTUPANDSELECTPOINTTHECONTROLBAR3CLICKPOINTTHENETWORKANDCONNECTIONSTOTHEINTERNET4CLICKTHELINKNETWORKCONNECTIONS5CLICKTHERIGHTMOUSEBUTTONATAGCONNECTIONONALOCALNETWORKANDSELECTTHEPROPERTYCOMMAND6ONTHETABTHEGENERALSELECTPARAMETERTHEINTERNETPROTOCOLTCP/IPFROMTHELISTTHECOMPONENTSUSEDBYTHISCONNECTIONANDPUSHTHEPROPERTYBUTTON7INTHEPROPERTYDIALOGBOXTHEINTERNETPROTOCOLTCP/IPSELECTPOINTTORECEIVEANIPADDRESSAUTOMATICALLYIFITISNOTSELECTEDYETANDPUSHTHEBUTTONAPPRXTHEREMARKITISPOSSIBLETOASSIGNALSOAUNIQUESTATICIPADDRESSINARANGEFROM19216802TO1921680254FOREXAMPLE,ASSIGNMENTOFTHEFOLLOWINGCOMBINATIONOFASTATICIPADDRESS,ASUBNETANDGATEWAYMASKBYDEFAULTISPOSSIBLEIPADDRESS19216802SUBNETMASK2552552550THEGATEWAYBYDEFAULT192168018INADIALOGBOXCONNECTIONONALOCALNETWORKPROPERTIESPUSHTHEBUTTONAPPRX9CLOSEACONTROLBARTOADJUSTTHECLIENTCOMPUTERFORUSAGEOFTHEGENERALCONNECTIONTOTHEINTERNET,FULFILLSPECIFIEDBELOWACTION

簡介：專家。第六個(gè)也是最后一步處理建立的繼續(xù)使用CPA的必要的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。在銷售和市場營銷的日常嵌入CPA和會(huì)計(jì)可能有必要改變在程序的變化，職責(zé)和變化的系統(tǒng)。接下來的部分介紹了企業(yè)對(duì)商業(yè)環(huán)境中這六步方法的應(yīng)用。44注冊會(huì)計(jì)師在工業(yè)清洗公司實(shí)施注冊會(huì)計(jì)師在工業(yè)清洗公司實(shí)施這種情況的組織是一家跨國公司的業(yè)務(wù)為研發(fā)，生產(chǎn)，銷售和市場營銷的專業(yè)清潔產(chǎn)品的全國銷售辦事處之一。其中公司的主要市場是工業(yè)洗衣，辦公室清潔，酒店清潔，廚房衛(wèi)生和個(gè)人衛(wèi)生。其產(chǎn)品直接出售（以大的最終用戶，例如在飛行中供應(yīng)商及服務(wù)集成，如專業(yè)清潔劑），以及通過經(jīng)銷商。該公司已經(jīng)劃分了市場進(jìn)入的基礎(chǔ)上最終用戶的性質(zhì)的市場領(lǐng)域。正如許多工業(yè)企業(yè)，這家公司采用了相當(dāng)大的銷售和服務(wù)力量。銷售人員負(fù)責(zé)發(fā)起，維持和發(fā)展的客戶關(guān)系。該服務(wù)隊(duì)負(fù)責(zé)訂單處理，客戶培訓(xùn)，咨詢，產(chǎn)品展示，維護(hù)和修理。過程也是基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的一部分。為了提高未來的客戶盈利數(shù)字的準(zhǔn)確性，銷售經(jīng)理和客戶經(jīng)理被要求開始登記他們的客戶拜訪的時(shí)間。在沒有在第一輪分析，這樣的登記，銷售費(fèi)用分配給客戶作為收入的百分比。銷售隊(duì)伍的意愿來記錄自己的時(shí)間花在客戶很高，因?yàn)樗麄兞私膺@些信息對(duì)客戶盈利準(zhǔn)確分析的重要性。55從CPACPA中學(xué)習(xí)中學(xué)習(xí)上述演習(xí)是該公司與會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所第一次體驗(yàn)。至于那些建議，最有效的方法獲得的客戶關(guān)系準(zhǔn)確估值是一個(gè)迭代的方法，其中一個(gè)客戶的盈利模式是在組織中逐步實(shí)現(xiàn)的。這意味著，對(duì)于每個(gè)循環(huán)，該模型是要改善，直到計(jì)算是足夠精確用于營銷目的。對(duì)于本公司的第一個(gè)改進(jìn)為下一次迭代涉及的銷售力量小時(shí)注冊以更準(zhǔn)確地分配銷售成本。它進(jìn)一步?jīng)Q定每6個(gè)月重復(fù)CPA運(yùn)動(dòng)，并實(shí)施改進(jìn)方式。對(duì)于該公司，演習(xí)引發(fā)了人們學(xué)習(xí)的三個(gè)不同層次第一個(gè)，也是最基礎(chǔ)層面上，該公司了解了每個(gè)客戶的去年有成到過該公司的營業(yè)收入和這些信息如何可用于成本管理，收入管理，并營銷管理。其次，該公司正在學(xué)習(xí)如何收入和成本的最佳分配到個(gè)人客戶。在這篇文章中所描述的第一次嘗試，是一個(gè)僅僅是個(gè)開始不斷完善這樣的分配方法。和第三，該公司正在學(xué)習(xí)的各種因素是什么確定每個(gè)客戶的價(jià)值（客戶盈利存在但這些因素之一）。66討論討論有幾個(gè)注意事項(xiàng)CPA的用戶應(yīng)該知道的。首先，CPA數(shù)字是從多個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)造源。這些數(shù)據(jù)源的準(zhǔn)確性限制了顧客盈利數(shù)字的可能精度。此外，CPA模型必須是實(shí)際處理的良好表示。這里報(bào)告的CPA練習(xí)是回顧性的分析，即，過去的收入和客戶在一個(gè)特定周期中產(chǎn)生的成本的分析的一個(gè)例子。管理人員也將有興趣的客戶盈利前瞻性分析。準(zhǔn)CPA計(jì)算與服務(wù)的客戶在他的整個(gè)未來的生活相關(guān)的未來預(yù)期成本和收入的凈現(xiàn)值。準(zhǔn)會(huì)計(jì)師事務(wù)所也被稱為客戶終身價(jià)值A(chǔ)NALYSISTO能夠估計(jì)未來的成本和收益，對(duì)客戶盈利的回顧性分析是一種寶貴的，如果不是必需的，第一個(gè)步驟。77結(jié)論結(jié)論在這個(gè)案例中，一個(gè)六步的方法來在公司內(nèi)部實(shí)施CPA。成本和收入應(yīng)該分配給唯一活躍的客戶，這意味著開始分析與識(shí)別的客戶可考慮活躍客戶的客戶數(shù)據(jù)庫。第二步涉及公司內(nèi)產(chǎn)生都是為了服務(wù)客戶的成本，所有活動(dòng)的分析。對(duì)于所有的活動(dòng)，成本動(dòng)因具有以這樣的方式，它可以被計(jì)算出的各成本動(dòng)因許多單位是如何用在每個(gè)單獨(dú)的顧客被識(shí)別。實(shí)際計(jì)算步驟3執(zhí)行隨后，結(jié)果的解釋和權(quán)衡利潤分配之間的客戶先驗(yàn)期望?；趯?duì)（初步）成果的討論，有關(guān)的費(fèi)用分配給客戶先前的決定可能會(huì)被修改，以

簡介：SIMPLEPRESENT,PRESENTCONTINUOUS,PRESENTPERFECT,SIMPLEPASTANDPASTCONTINUOUS混合時(shí)態(tài)翻譯練習(xí)混合時(shí)態(tài)翻譯練習(xí)答案答案TRANSLATIONPRACTICE1那邊出了什么事_______________________________________________________________________________________2他們已經(jīng)答復(fù)了我們的信。_______________________________________________________________________________________3他昨天晚上離開這里到上海去了。_______________________________________________________________________________________4我上中學(xué)的時(shí)候總是六點(diǎn)鐘起床。_______________________________________________________________________________________5昨天這個(gè)時(shí)候，我們正在上英語課。_______________________________________________________________________________________6我們吃飯的時(shí)候，燈滅了。_______________________________________________________________________________________7我母親做飯的時(shí)候，我父親在抽煙。_______________________________________________________________________________________8你走進(jìn)他們的房間時(shí)，他們正在聽廣播嗎_______________________________________________________________________________________9她給你打電話的時(shí)候，你在干什么_______________________________________________________________________________________10你到過杭州嗎到過。我一個(gè)月以前去過那里。我去過兩三次。_______________________________________________________________________________________SIMPLEPRESENT,PRESENTCONTINUOUS,PRESENTPERFECT,SIMPLEPASTANDPASTCONTINUOUSKEY1WHATISHAPPENINGOVERTHERE2THEYHAVEALREADYANSWEREDOURLETTER3HELEFTFORSHANGHAIYESTERDAYEVENING4IUSEDTOGETUPATSIXWHENIWASATMIDDLESCHOOL5THISTIMEYESTERDAY,WEWEREHAVINGANENGLISHLESSON6WHILEWEWEREHAVINGSUPPER,ALLTHELIGHTSWENTOUT7WHILEMYMOTHERWASCOOKING,MYFATHERWASSMOKING8WERETHEYLISTENINGTOTHEBROADCASTWHENYOUENTEREDTHEIRROOM9WHATWEREYOUDOINGWHENSHECALLEDYOUONTHEPHONE10HAVEYOUEVERBEENTOHANGZHOUYES,IHAVEIWENTTHEREAMONTHAGOIHAVEBEENTHERETWOORTHREETIMES

簡介：溫度控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)外文資料原文及翻譯溫度控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)外文資料原文及翻譯淮陰工學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院江淮學(xué)院專業(yè)電子信息工程姓名學(xué)號(hào)外文出處INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONELECTRICALANDCONTROLENGINEERING附件1外文資料翻譯譯文2外文原文。指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語外文資料內(nèi)容與設(shè)計(jì)課題有一定關(guān)聯(lián),對(duì)開展畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)有很好的借鑒和指導(dǎo)意義。譯文基本能夠表達(dá)原文意思,但不是很順暢。年月日簽名附件1外文資料翻譯譯文溫度控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)摘要研究了基于AT89S51單片機(jī)溫度控制系統(tǒng)的原理和功能,溫度測量單元由單總線數(shù)字溫度傳感器DS18B20構(gòu)成。該系統(tǒng)可進(jìn)行溫度設(shè)定,時(shí)間顯示和保存監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)。如果溫度超過任意設(shè)置的上限和下限值,系統(tǒng)將報(bào)警并可以和III硬件設(shè)計(jì)A微控制器在AT89S51單片機(jī)是一種低功耗,高性能CMOS8位4K的系統(tǒng)內(nèi)可編程閃存字節(jié)微控制器。該設(shè)備是采用ATMEL的高密度非易失性內(nèi)存技術(shù),并與業(yè)界標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的80C51指令集和引腳兼容。片上閃存程序存儲(chǔ)器可以編程就可以在系統(tǒng)或由傳統(tǒng)的非易失性存儲(chǔ)器編程。通過結(jié)合在系統(tǒng)靈活的8位CPU集成在一個(gè)芯片可編程閃存,ATMEL的單片機(jī)AT89S51是一個(gè)功能強(qiáng)大的微控制器提供了一個(gè)高度靈活的和具有成本效益的解決方案很多嵌入式控制應(yīng)用。為了節(jié)省監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù),6264是用來作為外部RAM。它是一個(gè)靜態(tài)RAM芯片,低功耗具有8K字節(jié)的內(nèi)存。B溫度檢測電路溫度傳感器是該系統(tǒng)的關(guān)鍵部分。達(dá)拉斯DS18B20的使用,它支持1WIRE總線接口,板上專利是在內(nèi)部使用。所有的傳感器部分和轉(zhuǎn)換電路集成在一個(gè)晶體管集成電路像1。其測量范圍為55℃125℃,在10℃85℃精度為±05℃2,3。由DS18B20的溫度采集傳輸在1WIRE總線的方式,這種高度提高了系統(tǒng)的抗干擾,使之適合在惡劣的環(huán)境現(xiàn)場溫度測量4。有兩個(gè)電源DS18B20的供應(yīng)方式。首先是外部電源供給DS18B20的第一腳連接到地面,第二引腳用作信號(hào)線,三是連接到電源。第二種方式是寄生電源5。由于寄生電源會(huì)導(dǎo)致硬件電路,軟件控制的難度和芯片的性能下降等,但DS18B20的S的復(fù)雜性,可以連接到I/O端口的單片機(jī)在外部電源供電方式,它更受歡迎。因此,外部電源供應(yīng)使用,而第二個(gè)接腳連接到引腳P13可單片機(jī)AT89S51。其實(shí),如果多有被檢測,DS18B20的S可以連接到1WIRE總線。但是,當(dāng)數(shù)超過8,有一個(gè)向駕駛和更復(fù)雜的軟件設(shè)計(jì),以及1WIRE總線長度的關(guān)注。一般而言,這是不超過50米。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)程控制,該系統(tǒng)可在一個(gè)無線之

簡介：平面設(shè)計(jì)畢業(yè)論文有翻譯的設(shè)計(jì)論文海報(bào)招貼的平面設(shè)計(jì)我們都知道，做設(shè)計(jì)的基本是創(chuàng)意，創(chuàng)意的基本是特色，特色的基本是獨(dú)到，要想到獨(dú)特的創(chuàng)意并不是人人做的好，要做到每人都接受，我想那樣是不太可能的。我認(rèn)為，設(shè)計(jì)并沒有成功，同樣沒有失敗，,因?yàn)樵O(shè)計(jì)是活的，很多東西是矛盾的，并不可以憑個(gè)人做出準(zhǔn)確的評(píng)價(jià)。一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)，關(guān)鍵部位的細(xì)節(jié)就要把誤差降到最低，否則差之百，失之千里。比如蘋果、西紅柿、桔子等在體量差不多，但實(shí)際上卻有很大不同，,這就要在處理中抓住它們各自不同特征準(zhǔn)確的描寫。其實(shí)設(shè)計(jì)可以是很復(fù)雜也可以是很簡單，在某種意義上來說，設(shè)計(jì)是一種奇妙的搭配，如同調(diào)酒，我們經(jīng)常無法預(yù)測設(shè)計(jì)的最終效果，正因?yàn)檫@樣，我們也會(huì)時(shí)常做出一些出乎意料的作品，設(shè)計(jì)是感性認(rèn)識(shí)，如果只是畫，我們可以簡單的分析出優(yōu)劣，但是一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)，可以發(fā)揮的想象太多，很難知道是作者刻意塑造或是你發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)奇妙的巧合。那到底設(shè)計(jì)是什么時(shí)候就出現(xiàn)的呢讓我們一起來探索下吧中國是最早有貨幣的國家之一，自“夏”代就開始，各樣的天然貨幣與人造貨幣相繼出現(xiàn)，商、周各類貨幣的設(shè)計(jì)足以向我們展現(xiàn)出那幾千年中高超而豐富、的設(shè)計(jì)水平。許多定型化的貨幣設(shè)計(jì)樣式一直影響到后來中華紋飾的發(fā)展與文化的形成。然而，這些豐富而復(fù)雜的設(shè)計(jì)沒有一件可與后來的銅錢設(shè)計(jì)相比。秦代的銅錢，選擇了最為簡潔的里方外圓之圖形，完成了最完善的使用功能與最廣博的教化功能。可以好不猶豫的說，對(duì)于圓形與方形的掌握，是人類最初對(duì)抽象圖形認(rèn)識(shí)的最重要的升華階段之一，是由點(diǎn)、畫這種基本筆畫上升到由壁畫構(gòu)成的基本徒刑（由線性發(fā)展的平面）認(rèn)識(shí)的標(biāo)志。在中國原始社會(huì)的彩陶紋樣中，基本的紋樣除了點(diǎn)、畫曲線之外，陷于規(guī)整的便有三角形、方形與圓形紋樣。這些紋樣通過巧妙的組合，形成了豐富的紋飾。然而，要將方和圓作為設(shè)計(jì)元素與設(shè)計(jì)思想來運(yùn)用和表達(dá)，還有賴與更進(jìn)一步的對(duì)抽象設(shè)計(jì)元素的領(lǐng)悟與把握。當(dāng)人們明白了“不以規(guī)矩不能成方圓”的道理，明白了“圓使動(dòng)、方使靜”的規(guī)律，甚至能以“天圓地方”、“方正圓滑”等文化觀念與感受模式來量度“方”和“圓”時(shí)，這樣的設(shè)計(jì)才顯出了無比的高妙來。錢是要使用與流通的，全世界后來所有的硬幣幾乎都?xì)w結(jié)到圓形的設(shè)計(jì)上，而只有中華民族選擇了有方孔的圓形作為硬幣的終極樣式。以繩索貫穿著的錢幣，自然便于計(jì)數(shù)與攜帶，而作為鉆孔術(shù)來講，鑄造方孔要比鉆圓孔容易得多。中國錢的這一設(shè)計(jì)，自然有著無比豐富的文化要求，而使得它要“舍易求難“了。正是由于這種“舍易求難“的工藝設(shè)計(jì)，銅錢的設(shè)計(jì)也自然在使用功能與文化親和能力上才具有了更多發(fā)展的可能，穿孔的錢更利于攜帶與計(jì)數(shù)。而方形的孔與圓形的錢又可同時(shí)更多容納與圖形有關(guān)的其它社會(huì)文化觀念，例如流通與穩(wěn)定這種錢的基本功能、圓滑與方正這類人的社會(huì)品格、周邊與中心這類位置觀念正是如此，才會(huì)出現(xiàn)了“孔方兄“這樣的錢之稱謂，使得錢也隨孔夫子般地姓起“孔“來，適應(yīng)了儒家倡導(dǎo)的文化精神。隨之，中國的財(cái)神爺才有可能得了個(gè)“公明元帥“的名字。而“錢方正，財(cái)神公明“這類的聯(lián)語才可以從更廣的文化觀念上寄托著人們的希望，造就著人們的品格。如果我們再進(jìn)一步考察中國老百姓對(duì)許多日常用具的設(shè)計(jì)，我們也會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)不少“舍易求難“而“以應(yīng)方圓“規(guī)矩之處。中國人須臾不離的筷子，老百姓生產(chǎn)生活最常用的籮筐簸箕之類用具，大抵作成一頭圓一頭方的形狀，都是最常見的例子，也都是在設(shè)計(jì)制造上舍易求難的典型，否則，那些被“改造“了的現(xiàn)代方便筐、衛(wèi)生筷之類就不會(huì)MAYNOTDEPENDONPERSONALLYMAKESTHEACCURATEAPPRAISALONEDESIGN,ESSENTIALSPOTDETAILMUSTFALLERRORTOISLOWEST,OTHERWISEHUNDREDDIFFERENCE,LOSESTHEGREATDISTANCEFORINSTANCETHEAPPLE,THETOMATO,THEORANGEANDSOONISSIMILARINTHEAMOUNTOFSPACEOCCUPIED,BUTINFACTACTUALLYHASISVERYGREATLYDIFFERENT,THISMUSTHOLDTHEIREACHONEDIFFERENTCHARACTERISTICACCURATEDESCRIPTIONINPROCESSINGACTUALLYDESIGNSMAYBEVERYCOMPLEXALSOMAYBEVERYSIMPLE,SAIDINSOMEKINDOFSIGNIFICANCE,THEDESIGNISONEKINDOFMARVELOUSMATCH,IFTHECOHERENCELIQUOR,WEFREQUENTLYAREUNABLETOFORECASTTHEDESIGNTHEFINALEFFECT,BECAUSEOFLIKETHIS,WEALSOCANOFTENMAKESOMEUNEXPECTEDLYWORK,THEDESIGNISTHEPERCEPTIONKNOWS,IFONLYISTHEPICTURE,WEMAYTHESIMPLEMINUTESEPARATEOUTTHEFITANDUNFITQUALITY,BUTONEDESIGN,MAYDISPLAYTHEIMAGINATIONARETOOMANY,ISVERYDIFFICULTTOKNOWWASTHEAUTHORSEDULOUSLYPORTRAYSPERHAPSYOUDISCOVERSONEMARVELOUSCOINCIDENCETHATDESIGNWHENAPPEARSLETSUNDEROURTOGETHEREXPLORATIONCHINAISMOSTEARLYHASONECURRENCYCOUNTRY,THEGENERATIONSTARTSFROM“THESUMMER“,ALLKINDSNATURALCURRENCYANDTHEMANMADECURRENCYONEAFTERANOTHERAPPEARS,BUSINESS,WEEKEACHKINDOFCURRENCYDESIGNSUFFICIENTLYUNFOLDSINTHATSEVERALTHOUSANDYEARSISEXCELLENTANDISRICH,THEDESIGNLEVELTOUSMANYSTEREOTYPIACURRENCIESDESIGNSTYLEALWAYSAFFECTEDAFTERWARDSTHECHINESEDECORATIVEDESIGNINAUTENSILDEVELOPMENTANDTHECULTURALFORMATIONHOWEVER,THESERICHANDCOMPLEXDESIGNONEHADNOTBEENPOSSIBLETOCOMPAREWITHAFTERWARDSTHECOPPERCASHDESIGNQINDAICOPPERCASH,CHOSEGRAPHTHEMOSTSUCCINCTINSIDESIDEOUTERANNULUS,COMPLETEDTHEMOSTPERFECTUSEFUNCTIONANDTHEVASTESTENLIGHTENEDFUNCTIONMAYGOODNOSAY,REGARDINGTHECIRCULARANDSQUARESHAPEGRASP,BETHEHUMANITYATFIRSTTOONEABSTRACTGRAPHUNDERSTANDINGMOSTIMPORTANTSUBLIMATIONSTAGE,ISFROMTHESPOT,PICTURETHISKINDOFBASICSTROKERISESTOBYTHEMURALCONSTITUTIONBASICIMPRISONMENTTHESYMBOLWHICHBYLINEARDEVELOPMENTPLANEKNOWSININTHECHINESEPRIMITIVESOCIETYPAINTEDPOTTERYGRAINTYPE,THEBASICGRAINTYPEEXCEPTBESIDESTHESPOT,THEPLOTCURVE,SINKSINTONEATTHENHASTHETRIANGLE,THESQUARESHAPEANDTHECIRCULARGRAINTYPETHESEGRAINTYPESTHROUGHTHEINGENIOUSCOMBINATION,FORMEDTHERICHDECORATIVEDESIGNINAUTENSILHOWEVER,MUSTAND圓作FORDESIGNSSIDEELEMENTANDDESIGNTHOUGHTUTILIZESANDEXPRESSION,BUTALSODEPENDSONWITHFURTHERTOTHEABSTRACTDESIGNELEMENTCOMPREHENSIONANDTHEASSURANCEWHENTHEPEOPLEUNDERSTOOD“COULDNOTBECOMETHESURROUNDINGAREABYTHECUSTOM“THETRUTH,UNDERSTOOD“THECIRCLECAUSEDTOMOVE,THESIDECAUSEDSTATIC“THERULE,EVENCOULDBY“THEDAYROUNDPLACE“,“UPRIGHTBESMOOTH“WHENANDSOONTHECULTURALIDEAANDTHEFEELINGPATTERNMEASURED“THESIDE“AND“THECIRCLE“,SUCHDESIGNONLYTHENAPPEARSINCOMPARABLYCLEVERLYCOMESTHEMONEYISMUSTUSEANDCIRCULATE,WORLDAFTERWARDSALLCOINSNEARLYALLSUMMEDUPTOINTHECIRCULARDESIGN,BUTONLYHADTHECHINESENATIONCHOOSESHASTHESQUAREEDGEDORIFICETHECIRCULARTAKESTHECOINTHEULTIMATESTYLEPASSESTHROUGHTHEMONEYBYTHEROPE,NATURALLYISADVANTAGEOUSFORCOUNTSWITHCARRIES,BUTSAYSASTHEDRILLHOLETECHNIQUE,CASTINGSQUAREEDG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簡介：翻譯部分英文原文HIGHSPEEDHIGHSPEEDMACHININGMACHININGANDANDDEMANDDEMANDFORFORTHETHEDEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTOFOFHIGHSPEEDMACHININGISCONTEMPORARYADVANCEDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGYANIMPORTANTCOMPONENTOFTHEHIGHEFFICIENCY,HIGHPRECISIONANDHIGHSURFACEQUALITY,ANDOTHERFEATURESTHISARTICLEPRESENTSTHETECHNICALDEFINITIONOFTHECURRENTSTATEOFDEVELOPMENTOFCHINASAPPLICATIONFIELDSANDTHEDEMANDSITUATIONHIGHSPEEDMACHININGISORIENTEDTOTHE21STCENTURYANEWHIGHTECH,HIGHEFFICIENCY,HIGHPRECISIONANDHIGHSURFACEQUALITYASABASICFEATURE,INTHEAUTOMOBILEINDUSTRY,AEROSPACE,DIEMANUFACTURINGANDINSTRUMENTATIONINDUSTRIESGAINEDINCREASINGLYWIDESPREADAPPLICATION,ANDHASMADESIGNIFICANTTECHNICALANDECONOMICBENEFITSCONTEMPORARYADVANCEDMANUFACTURINGTECHNOLOGYANIMPORTANTCOMPONENTPARTHSCISTOACHIEVEHIGHEFFICIENCYOFTHECORETECHNOLOGYMANUFACTURERS,INTENSIVEPROCESSESANDEQUIPMENTPACKAGEDSOTHATITHASAHIGHPRODUCTIONEFFICIENCYITCANBESAIDTHATTHEHIGHSPEEDMACHININGISANINCREASEINTHEQUANTITYOFEQUIPMENTSIGNIFICANTLYIMPROVEPROCESSINGEFFICIENCYESSENTIALTOTHETECHNOLOGYHIGHSPEEDMACHININGISTHEMAJORADVANTAGESIMPROVEPRODUCTIONEFFICIENCY,IMPROVEACCURACYANDREDUCETHEPROCESSINGOFCUTTINGRESISTANCETHEHIGHSPEEDMACHININGOFMEANING,ATPRESENTTHEREISNOUNIFORMUNDERSTANDING,THEREAREGENERALLYSEVERALPOINTSASFOLLOWSHIGHCUTTINGSPEEDUSUALLYFASTERTHANTHATOFTHEIRNORMALCUTTING510TIMESMACHINETOOLSPINDLESPEEDHIGH,GENERALLYSPINDLESPEEDIN20000R/MINABOVE10,000FORHIGHSPEEDCUTTINGFEEDATHIGHVELOCITY,USUALLY1550M/MINUPTO90M/MINFORDIFFERENTCUTTINGMATERIALSANDTHEWIRINGUSEDTHETOOLMATERIAL,HIGHSPEEDCUTTINGTHEMEANINGISNOTNECESSARILYTHESAMECUTTINGPROCESS,BLADEDTHROUGHFREQUENCYTOOTHPASSINGFREQUENCYCLOSERTOTHE“MACHINETOOLWORKPIECE“SYSTEMTHEDOMINANTNATURALFREQUENCYDOMINANTNATURALFREQUENCY,CANBECONSIDEREDTOBEHIGHSPEEDCUTTINGVISIBILITYHIGHSPEEDMACHININGISACOMPREHENSIVECONCEPT1992GERMANY,THEDARMSTADTUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,PROFESSORHSCHULZINTHE52THONTHEINCREASEOFHIGHSPEEDCUTTINGFORTHECONCEPTANDTHESCOPE,ASSHOWNINFIGURE1THINKDIFFERENTCUTTINGTARGETS,SHOWNINTHEFIGUREOFTHETRANSITIONAREATRANSITION,TOBEWHATISCOMMONLYCALLEDTHEHIGHSPEEDCUTTING,THISISALSOTHETIMEOFMETALCUTTINGPROCESSRELATEDTOTHETECHNICALSTAFFARELOOKINGFORWARDTO,ORISEXPECTEDTOACHIEVETHECUTTINGSPEEDINCREASETHEFEEDRATELINEARMOTORANOTHERMAJORADVANTAGEOFTHETRIPISUNRESTRICTEDTHELINEARMOTORISAVERYTIMEFORACONTINUOUSMACHINESHOPINPOSSESSIONOFTHEBEDRESURFACINGOFTHEVERYMEETINGWHEREAVERYEARLYSTAGEMOVEMENTCANGO,BUTTHEWHOLESYSTEMOFUPTOTHESTIFFNESSWITHOUTANYINFLUENCEBYUSINGHIGHSPEEDSCREW,ORLINEARMOTORCANGREATLYENHANCEMACHINESYSTEMOFUPTOTHERAPIDRESPONSETHEMAXIMUMACCELERATIONLINEARMOTORSUPTO210GGFORTHEACCELERATIONOFGRAVITY,THELARGESTFEEDRATEOFUPTO60200M/MINORHIGHER2002WORLDRENOWNEDSHANGHAIPUDONGMAGLEVTRAINPROJECTOFMAGLEVTRACKSTEELPROCESSING,USINGTHESHENYANGMACHINETOOLGROUPHOLDINGSLIMITEDMCNAIRFRIENDSHIPCOMPANYPRODUCTIONPLANTSINTOEXTRALONGHIGHSPEEDSYSTEMFORLARGESCALEPROCESSINGCENTERSACHIEVETHEMACHINEFEEDINGSYSTEMFORTHELINEARGUIDEANDRACKGEARDRIVE,THELARGESTTABLEFEEDRATEOF60M/MIN,QUICKTRIPOF100M/MIN,2GACCELERATION,MAXIMUMSPEEDSPINDLE20000R/MIN,THEMAINMOTORPOWER80KWXAXISDISTANCEOFUPTO30M,25MCUTTINGLONGMAGLEVTRACKSTEELERRORISLESSTHAN015MMMAGLEVTRAINSFORTHESMOOTHCOMPLETIONOFTHEPROJECTPROVIDEDASTRONGGUARANTEEFORTECHNOLOGYINADDITION,THECAMPAIGNMACHINEPERFORMANCEWILLALSODIRECTLYAFFECTTHEPROCESSINGEFFICIENCYANDACCURACYOFPROCESSINGMOLDANDTHEFREESURFACEOFHIGHSPEEDMACHINING,THEMAINWIRINGWITHSMALLCUTDEEPINTOMETHODSFORPROCESSINGMACHINEREQUIREMENTSINTHEFEEDRATECONDITIONS,SHOULDHAVEHIGHPRECISIONPOSITIONINGFUNCTIONSANDHIGHPRECISIONINTERPOLATIONFUNCTION,ESPECIALLYHIGHPRECISIONARCINTERPOLATIONARCPROCESSINGISTOADOPTLEGISLATIONORTHREADMILLINGCUTTERMOLDORMACHININGPARTS,THEESSENTIALPROCESSINGMETHODSCUTTINGTOOLSTOOLMATERIALDEVELOPMENTHIGHSPEEDCUTTINGANDTECHNOLOGICALDEVELOPMENTOFTHEHISTORY,TOOLMATERIALISCONTINUOUSPROGRESSOFHISTORYTHEREPRESENTATIONOFHIGHSPEEDCUTTINGTOOLMATERIALISCUBICBORONNITRIDECBNFACEMILLINGCUTTERUSEOFCBN,ITSCUTTINGSPEEDCANBEASHIGHAS5000M/MIN,MAINLYFORTHEGRAYCASTIRONMACHININGPOLYCRYSTALLINEDIAMONDPCDHASBEENDESCRIBEDASATOOLOFTHE21STCENTURYTOOL,ITISPARTICULARLYAPPLICABLETOTHECUTTINGALUMINUMALLOYCONTAININGSILICAMATERIAL,WHICHISLIGHTWEIGHTMETALMATERIALS,HIGHSTRENGTH,WIDELYUSEDINTHEAUTOMOBILE,MOTORCYCLEENGINE,ELECTRONICDEVICESSHELL,THEBASE,ANDSOONATPRESENT,THEUSEOFPOLYCRYSTALLINEDIAMONDCUTTERFACEMILLINGALLOY,5000M/MINTHECUTTINGSPEEDHASREACHEDAPRACTICALLEVELINADDITIONCERAMICTOOLALSOAPPLIESTOGRAYIRONOFHIGHSPEEDMACHININGTOOLCOATINGCBNANDDIAMONDCUTTER,DESPITEGOODHIGHSPEEDPERFORMANCE,BUTTHECOSTISRELATIVELYHIGHUSINGTHECOATINGTECHNOLOGYTOMAKECUTTINGTOOLISTHELOWPRICE,WITHEXCELLENTMECHANICALPROPERTIES,WHICHCANEFFECTIVELYREDUCETHECOSTNOWHIGHSPEEDPROCESSINGOFMILLINGCUTTER,WITHMOSTOFTHEWIRINGBETWEENTHETIA1N